1904 - "Proof that any set can be well-ordered" - Ernst Zermelo (well-ordering theorem).
1908 - "Investigations into the foundations of set theory I" - Zermelo (first axioms for Z-set theory).
1909 - "On the theory of transfinite numbers" - Paul Mahlo (introduces Mahlo cardinals).
1914 - Felix Hausdorff's opus "Principles of set theory appears" appears. World War I begins (28 July 1914).
1915 - Leopold Löwenheim proves his eponymous theorem in "On possibilities in the calculus of relatives."
1918 - Armistice signed; World War I ends (11 Nov 1918).
1922 - Thoralf Skolem's "Einige Bemerkungen …" and Abraham Fraenkel's "Zur Mengenlehre" extend Zermelo → ZF set theory.
1925 - John von Neumann, "An axiomatization of set theory", laying the groundwork for NBG set-class theory.
1929-30 - Kurt Gödel, doctoral thesis and "On the completeness of the logical calculus" (completeness theorem).
1930 - Haskell Curry, "Foundations of Combinatorial Logic" (first full system of combinatory logic).
1931 - Gödel publishes "On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems" (first incompleteness theorem).
1932 - Alonzo Church, "A Set of Postulates for the Foundation of Logic."
1935 - S.C. Kleene & J.B. Rosser show the untyped λ-calculus is inconsistent in "The Inconsistency of Certain Formal Logics"; Gerhard Gentzen introduces the sequent calculus in "Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen."
1936 - Church, "An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory" (Entscheidungsproblem).
1936 - Alan Turing, "On Computable Numbers …" (Turing machines; Church–Turing thesis).
1936 - Gentzen, "Die Widerspruchsfreiheit der reinen Zahlentheorie" (ε₀ consistency of PA).
1938 - Gödel proves AC + GCH are consistent with ZF via the constructible universe L.
1939 - World War II begins (1 Sep 1939).
1940 - Mid-year: Turing's Bombe enables regular decryption of Luftwaffe Enigma traffic, marking the first sustained Enigma break-through.
1945 - World War II ends (2 Sep 1945).
1945 - John Von Neumann gathers a group of engineers at the Institute for advanced study at Princeton to begin building digital computer with 5kb storage.
1950 - Turing proposes the "Turing Test" in "Computing Machinery and Intelligence."
1952 - Turing is arrested and convicted for homosexuality (31 Mar 1952).
1963 - Paul J. Cohen, "The Independence of the Continuum Hypothesis."
1964 - Cohen, "The Independence of the Axiom of Choice from ZF."
1967 - Harvey Friedman gets his PhD from MIT at the age of 19.
1969 - William A. Howard circulates "The formulae-as-types notion of construction," founding the Curry–Howard correspondence.
1971 - Kenneth Kunen's "Elementary Embeddings and Infinitary Combinatorics" proves the Kunen inconsistency (no non-trivial j : V → V in ZFC).
1974 - William N. Reinhardt posits Reinhardt cardinals (elementary embeddings V ↷ V) - consistent with ZF but not with AC.
1975 - Harvey Friedman uses Kruskal's Tree Theorem to obtain the first natural independence results for subsystems of second-order arithmetic, birthing Reverse Mathematics.
1978 - Kurt Gödel dies in Princeton (14 Jan 1978).
1985 - Stephen G. Simpson's lecture notes Subsystems of Second Order Arithmetic circulate, canonising Reverse Mathematics.
1988 - Thierry Coquand & Gérard Huet publish "The Calculus of Constructions," a keystone of modern type theory and Coq.
1996 - Harvey Friedman publishes a short paper called "Extremely Large Cardinals in the Rationals."
1999 - Stephen Simpson's book Subsystems of Second Order Arithmetic published.